Use of Accounting Software For a Manufacturing Unit

Question: Examine about theUse of Accounting Software for a Manufacturing Unit. Answer: Presentation: Centrality of Accounting Software It has gotten practically obligatory for each business association to have bookkeeping programming which can record the business exchanges and complete other significant capacities like invoicing, assortment and payment of installments, stock valuation, and giving reports like benefit and misfortune account, monetary record to break down the money related situation of the business. There are numerous organizations which give bookkeeping programming as indicated by the necessities of the business. Some of them incorporate Myob, QuickBooks, and Zero. A business may browse the accessible alternatives relying on its business needs and the functionalities gave by the product. Exchanges and Events in a Manufacturing Concern An assembling firm is associated with creation of merchandise which it offers to procure benefits. The occasions in an assembling set up ordinarily involve acquisition of crude material, handling the material to change over it into a completed item. Next occasion is selling of the completed item. Aside from offer of merchandise, the installment to workers is another occasion. For completing the business exchanges, an organization needs money, acquiring and paying for the advance is one more occasion. For the Kiama based producer of dairy items additionally above occasions will occur. In completing the above occasions, different financial exchanges happen, some of which are referenced beneath: Acquisition of crude material for a dairy maker, the crude material would be milk which will be bought from a ranch claiming cows. The buy might be made in real money or credit. Money is paid for promptly and credit buys are paid later according to the terms of credit. Transformation of crude material into completed products the milk will be changed over to yogurt and cheddar. For this aging will be done on the milk. Before the item is done, it might be in work in process stock. Subsequently, the business needs to record the supply of the material at its cost utilizing a suitable stock valuation strategy. For this situation, the producer may stock the cheddar. Deal/return of completed items once the item is made, for this situation cheddar and yogurt, the producer will sell these items. The exchange will be recorded in the bookkeeping books with data like deals sum, name if the purchaser. A receipt will be produced to be given to the purchaser. On the off chance that the installment isn't gathered on the detect, a borrowers record will be made and the installment at whatever point got will be recorded as needs be. Installment of pay rates/wages to representatives the organization may pay the workers on an intermittent premise. The organization makes installment to the workers either through money or check. In paying the staff, the firm deducts charge at source to be paid to the administration; subsequently another exchange is to pay duties to government. Financing the maker might need to gain an advance to fund its business exchanges. Thus, accepting of money, installment of premium and reimbursement of obligation are different exchanges that will occur for the occasion. Acquisition of advantages for completing the business exercises, a firm will require resources like the dairy maker will expect types of gear to change over milk into cheddar. Installment of assessment a producer ordinarily makes two sorts of expense installments. One is the assessment on special of products and the other is the duty for the benefit of workers deducted at source. For recording the above exchanges, an organization may either rely upon manual bookkeeping or buy bookkeeping programming which will help in recording the above exchanges Bookkeeping Software versus Manual Books Each exchange that happens must be perceived, characterized and recorded. The sections ought to be recorded in a diary and the different records being influenced by the exchange ought to be refreshed. All the diary sections ought to be posted in the different record accounts. Toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame, a preliminary offset ought to be set up with the assistance of record to check whether the charge rises to credit or not. In this manner with the assistance of preliminary equalization budget summaries like benefit and misfortune account, asset report and explanation of incomes ought to be readied. Under manual bookkeeping, the above bookkeeping cycle is set up by the representatives on a period premise. Under automated bookkeeping, just the account of exchanges should be finished by workers for example entering the information and rest all the means of bookkeeping cycle like producing solicitations, creation of money related reports is consequently arranged by the product. There are numerous points of interest of bookkeeping programming over manual accounting some of which are examined beneath: Speed and Accuracy bookkeeping programming is quicker most definitely. The inherent database of providers and clients helps in speedy information section. There is more precision as there is just a single section required per exchange while in manual bookkeeping a few passages are made for every exchange. Programmed archive creation records like solicitations, buy orders, credit notes, finance reports are completely done naturally in the bookkeeping programming while in manual bookkeeping, separate print outs must be taken for each record. (Weber, NA) Constant data a bookkeeping programming helps in giving data ongoing for example it can make reports before the bookkeeping time frame with the goal that the current money related position can be resolved. Under manual bookkeeping, reports are set up toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame. Likewise the data can be made accessible to various clients simultaneously which is preposterous with manual bookkeeping. The board data different helpful reports are delivered by bookkeeping programming which are valuable to the directors in observing and controlling business. Significant reports incorporate fiscal summaries, borrowers and banks maturing, stock valuation report and so on these reports must be arranged physically under manual bookkeeping which is very tedious. (Hadler, NA) Cost reserve funds there are cost investment funds as far as staff, review costs as records are slick and cutting-edge. Effectiveness utilization of bookkeeping programming builds proficiency as better stock control and obligation assortment reports help in improving income. Additionally time and assets squandered in recording all passages is maintained a strategic distance from. GST/VAT return the product makes programmed figures of GST and VAT returns dependent on the bookkeeping exchanges so no time is squandered while under manual bookkeeping, charge figures should be determined physically. (Opentuition, 2016), (Meall, 2010) Deals Cycle of Manufacturing Firm At the point when an organization makes deals, there are a progression of exchanges that occur. In light of these exchanges, the diary passages are recorded in the bookkeeping programming. So when the dairy producer makes deals, the accompanying exchanges cycle will occur: Making deals request when there is offer of any thing like cheddar or yogurt, a business request is made in the bookkeeping programming. The client is situated on the product and a business request is made by entering the amount and conveyance date and any appropriate GST and clients ABN is naturally refreshed. The Sales Order Functionality assists with following the Merchandise that has been Delivered and How Much is Left to be Delivered. Changing over deals request to deals receipt the business request is changed over into deals receipt at the hour of conveyance of deals stock. Just when deals receipt is made, the business diary passages are posted in the particular records. The client account balance is consequently refreshed. Recording credit deals if the deal is using a loan, the credit deals receipt is made in the product. Recording part money and part credit deals the all out deals is recorded in the business thing and afterward a money receipt is recorded independently receipts installments window. Assortment of records receivable after a credit deal is made, subsequent stage in the cycle is to get the cash. There are two stages in this procedure: Recording the receipt of cash got from the client Recording the store of cash in the ledger Deals returns deals might be returned by the client. This is recorded in the product in two stages: Initial a credit note is made by making a negative receipt At that point the credit note is applied to a current receipt (Perdisco, 2016) Dangers of Using Manual arrangement of Accounts In todays world, the majority of the business associations have exchanged over to electronic programming as utilizing manual arrangement of records presents dangers and expenses for a business. Probably the most serious hazard is loss of books of records because of fire or burglary. On the off chance that the records are lost, the business may go for a hurl. Additionally it is very tedious and there are extraordinary odds of human mistake. In electronic bookkeeping, precision is higher as all records can be pulled from the product itself. Manual bookkeeping gets repetitive as it is a normal work and may get exhausting. Henceforth it is prudent to utilize bookkeeping programming which has an expense to it yet the points of interest determined are more than the expenses and subsequently is suggested. References Weber, A, (NA), Manual Accounting Versus Computerized Accounting, got to online on 21st July, 2016, accessible at https://www.experience.com/former student/article?channel_id=accountingsource_page=breaking_inarticle_id=article_1173385201144 Hadler, G., (NA), The Advantages of utilizing Computerized Accounting Software, got to online on 21st July, 2016, accessible at, https://www.itseducation.asia/automated accounting.htm Perdisco, (2016), Sales Command Center, Myob Learning Center, got to online on 21st July, 2016, accessible at, https://www.perdisco.com/au/myobLearning/deals/ openTuition.com, (2016), Types of Business Transactions and Documentation, got to online on 21st July, 2016, accessible at, https://

Zen Garden

Nature is a significant component for the Zen Buddhist as it is said to help with contemplation that can accomplish illumination. A definitive spot for this intervention is a Zen garden. These nurseries are a Buddhist craftsmanship articulation that centers around nature. Be that as it may, the nursery is on the whole made of stone and rock, with basically no vegetation by any means. In this exposition I will examine a concise history of the job of nature in Buddhism, clarify why the stones and rock in the Zen Garden are so significant and depict, in detail, the best Zen Garden model that is Ryoanji Dry Garden in Japan. I have by and by visited Ryoanji multiple times. Acquainted with Japan in the mid-6th century, Buddhism progressed different perspectives towards the common world. The beliefs of numerous Buddhists manifested a strictly based worry for nature. Buddhists in China and afterward Japan had since quite a while ago discussed climate non conscious creatures, for example, trees and shakes could really achieve Buddha-hood. Saicho (766-822) the organizer of Tendai school, was one of the first to voice his conclusion in a positive manner, he pronounced that â€Å"trees and rocks have Buddha-nature† (Masao, 1989: 186). Afterward, Ryogen (912-985) an individual from the Tendai School guaranteed that plants, trees and shakes want Enlightenment, teach themselves and achieve Buddha-hood. Buddhist sanctuaries tastefully upgraded nature. These sanctuaries were encircled ordinarily and were regularly worked in backwoods and on the sides of mountains. Rock gardens, vegetable gardens just as cherry and plum plantations were regular highlights engaged with the setting of sanctuaries. These highlights assisted with improving the neighborhood condition and help as a methods for contemplation through the common magnificence on a profound level looking for Nirvana which intends to â€Å"put out the flame† in this world and getaway to the otherworld. Zen Buddhist in Particular considered illumination to be an encounter to be had through nature. Dogen (1200-1253), author of the Soto school of Zen Buddhism, proclaimed that â€Å"the sea talks and mountains have tongues †that is the regular discourse of Buddha†¦ If you can talk and hear such words you will be one who genuinely fathoms the whole universe. † (Shaner 1989:114). The Zen Buddhists accepted that nature could assist them with accomplishing a status of care so as to eventually accomplish illumination. They started to make a definitive nursery for contemplation, known as the Zen Garden or â€Å"Dry Garden†. Both by making and contemplating in these nurseries supported to the comprehension of the Buddhist religion. Karesansui, or the â€Å"dry-landscape† style of Japanese nurseries have been in presence for a considerable length of time, yet the Zen Buddhists built up a littler, progressively conservative nursery style that focussed on watching it from a separation instead of strolling through it; â€Å"There was a move back to an accentuation on looking as opposed to utilizing. These nurseries were utilized explicitly as helps to a more profound comprehension of Zen concepts†¦these gardens were not an end in themselves†¦but a trigger to examination and meditation† (Davidson 1983: 22). In these Zen Gardens huge regular stones, specifically, are orchestrated in manners that insinuate the profound issues and arrangements of the Zen confidence. Truth be told, with in the dividers of the nurseries there are extremely just a few components utilized, stones, rock or sand, and now and then unexpectedly greenery. Both the stones and rock are masterminded to make â€Å"simple deliberations of nature† (Kincaid 1966:65). All together for the Buddhists to ruminate and accomplish illumination the nursery â€Å"relies on modest representation of the truth, straightforwardness, proposal and implication†¦leaving space for the creative mind by giving a beginning point† (Davidson 1983:23). The Buddhists accept that the stones are something other than lifeless things, they are thought to have a spirit and are viewed as the sensible piece of the nursery; â€Å"We treat characteristic stones as materials which have crucial components. That is on the grounds that we feel life and soul in the regular stones which are much of the time utilized as an optimistic and furthermore as a practical representation† (Tono1958:38). The stones are encircled by rock that has been deliberately raked into examples to speak to streaming water. The greenery that is once in a while found close by the stones is typically the main vegetation found in a Dry Garden and is shaped and left as a characteristic event. The entirety of the components in nature utilized in a Dry Garden have a reason, anyway they frequently take an emblematic shape and speak to something totally unique to what western eyes may see. Stones are regularly viewed as something a lot more noteworthy than only a straightforward stone; â€Å"They have their very own inherent wonder, and then again, can speak to something through and through bigger and more universal† (Davidson 1983:38). Stones can represent numerous things relying upon their shape, shading and surface. For the most part â€Å"stones speak to mountains, islands, and waterfalls† (Takakuwa 1973:120). Be that as it may, a vertical stone may represent the sky, while a flat stone may represent the earth. They may likewise be chosen and masterminded to speak to the pith or soul of creatures or bushes. The bed of raked rock encompassing the stones is viewed as a collection of streaming water and the raked designs are the waves and whirls in it. The examples are said to offer vitality to the nursery and help the contemplation procedure. Figure 1) Ryoanji garden is one of the most popular Zen plants on the planet. It is apparently the most elevated articulation of Zen workmanship and lessons that is maybe the single most prominent artful culmination of Japanese culture. Nobody realizes who precisely planned and orchestrated this nursery, or absolutely when, however it is thought to date from the late 1400s. This nursery is a karesansui dry-style garden and is moderately little,  "a rectangular zone, around twenty-five yards in length and ten yards wide† (Holborn 1982:61). It comprises of 15 stones that lay on a bed of white rock, encompassed by low dividers. (Figure 2) The greenery secured stones are set so that, when taking a gander at the nursery from any point, just 14 are noticeable at once. In the Buddhist world the number 15 means fulfillment. So you should have an absolute perspective on the nursery in your brain to make it an entire and significant experience, but then, from any situation in the nursery it is difficult to see each of the 15 stones on the double creation the best way to see every one of the 15 is on an otherworldly level. The rock around the stones is raked to take after waves and whirls, in concentric circles that broaden away from the stones, while the staying surface of the rock is rounded up straight lines, making a differentiation among bended and straight lines. The main â€Å"living† component that loans a feeling of profundity to the structure is the green greenery discovered covering portions of and around the bases of the stones. The Buddhists have given the nursery representative levels to fill in as fantasies, with the rock around the stones intensely summoning water, and the entire scene giving off an impression of being a smaller than usual seascape with endured volcanic islands. The extraordinary straightforwardness and incredible equalization of the arrangement have been deciphered by a wide range of individuals, from various perspectives, anyway its fifteen stones â€Å"are by and large accepted to speak to islands in a sea, yet the piece is called Tora-no-Ko Watashi (Tiger Cubs Crossing a Stretch of Water)† (Takakuwa 1973:122). As a contemplation instrument of reference, the nursery takes a sensational title (Tiger Cubs Crossing a Stretch of Water) and uses it to make a picture to catch the pith of strain, while seeing the fantasy of a solid glorified picture of nature, giving a setting to oncentration on the profound level. It is just a figment, in light of the fact that the development and upkeep of the Dry Garden is certainly not a characteristic event. The structure of the nursery and plan of the stones is totally fake and handled by people. The white rock lines shaped by the rake speak to swells in water or mists in the sky; anyway the lines a re so perfect and exact that they uncover that the nursery is routinely prepped by a human hand. (Figure 1&3)This makes the nursery a fake fantasy of nature. It has intentionally been structured along these lines to accomplish a glorified picture of nature. In Zen Buddhism, illumination can be accomplished through contemplation that can be helped by making a dream of the glorified picture of nature. A significant focal point of this reflection is worried about the substance of nature and reality. â€Å"Zen craftsmanship doesn't attempt to make the fantasy of the real world. It relinquishes consistent with life point of view, and works with counterfeit space relations which make one think past reality into the pith of the real world. This idea of pith instead of fantasy is essential to Zen craftsmanship in all phases†. (Lieberman 1997) The motivation behind the nursery isn't to settle on a specific common picture that the stones and the white rock should scale down. The main impetus behind the plan as a figment is to depict an admired vision of endured, suffering and great nature. The uneven parity of the stones, when joined with the quieting designs in the rock turn the brain internal, making it perfect for contemplation and permitting the Zen Buddhists to accomplish Enlightenment. Regardless of whether the stones are speaking to mountains among mists or islands in the sea isn't significant. What is significant is that they catch the quintessence of both, showing the qualities of continuance, somberness, and parity that is so fundamental to the admired Zen Buddhist picture of nature. Reference index: Davidson, A. K. 1983, The craft of Zen plants: a manual for their creation and pleasure, J. P. Tarcher, L. A. Holborn, M. 1982, The sea in the sand: Japan, from scene to plant, Shambhala Publications, Boston. Ito, T. 1972, The Japanese Gardenâ€An Approach to Nature. Yal

The Connection Between PTSD and Diabetes

The Connection Between PTSD and Diabetes PTSD Related Conditions Print The Connection Between PTSD and Diabetes By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Fertnig/E/Getty Images Are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and diabetes connected in some way? PTSD has been found to be associated with numerous different physical health problems such as heart, respiratory, digestive, and reproductory problems and disease. In addition, PTSD has also been found to be related to autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and diabetes. PTSD and Diabetes Studies have found that individuals with PTSD are more likely to have diabetes. The unhealthy behaviors often associated with PTSD (for example, smoking, substance use, poor eating habits) may place a person at risk for  developing diabetes. Among people with diabetes, the PTSD-related stress  and unhealthy behaviors may negatively impact the course of a persons diabetes. Specific Health Problems Among People With PTSD and Diabetes Researchers at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University and the VA Medical Center in Syracuse, New York, examined the specific health-related problems among people with both PTSD and diabetes. They identified 14,795 military veterans with diabetes and looked at whether or not the veterans had PTSD, depression, or other psychiatric diagnoses. Participants were divided into four groups: people with depression and PTSD, people with PTSD but not depression, people with depression but not PTSD, people with other psychiatric diagnoses besides PTSD and depression, and people without any psychiatric diagnoses. Across these different groups, they then examined differences on a number of different health-related factors, such as glycemic control, cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL), triglycerides, weight, body mass index (BMI). The researchers found that compared to other groups, people with both PTSD and depression: had worse total cholesterol levels and LDLhad higher triglyceride levelsweighed morehad a higher BMI In regard to glycemic control, however, people with only depression had poorer glycemic control than people with PTSD or both PTSD and depression. Improving Your Physical and Mental Health PTSD and related conditions such as depression can have a major impact on a persons health, and people with a pre-existing medical condition such as diabetes, who have PTSD and/or depression, may be particularly at risk for health problems. If you have diabetes and PTSD, make sure that you take steps to effectively manage your diabetes  in addition to getting treatment for your PTSD.

Conflict Resolution Is A Key Tenet Of Most Of The World s...

Conflict resolution is a key tenet of most of the world’s major religions. Each of the religions addresses the subject: whether directly, indirectly, or symbolically. Amongst the examples in many of the religious texts include the ending of wars, resolving oppression and the making of peace amongst many people. What also makes conflict resolution a key facet of religion is that it can lead to order from chaotic conditions, allowing for the unification of many people in the absence of other means of effective governance and in perpetuating a group of people’s survival for resources. However, it is long known that there is a constant struggle and conflict between the religions in various regions throughout the world. Conflict resolution within the five major religions has allowed for the expansion of individual religions but has placed it into conflict with other major religions. War and conflict has been recorded throughout human’s history with many resea rchers preforming studies that show the human species nurture, crave and enjoys conflict, war and killing. The human is the most sophisticated and intelligent being on the planet with our ability to critically think and reason. Humans remember the past, think of the future, and perpetuate our own survival far beyond what is imprinted in our DNA as instinct. We are cognizant of the afterlife and spirituality. The trepidation of death makes the human species extremely venerable to fear, driving us to seek divineShow MoreRelatedReligion Is A Double Edged Sword2565 Words   |  11 Pagesaware, religion is a double-edged sword. It can cause conflict or it can abate it. All too often, the religious contribution to social evolution has been characterized by intolerance, divisiveness, and resistance to change. 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Restoration Comedy - 1489 Words

Restoration Comedy Restoration Comedy refers to English Comedies written during the Restoration period from 1660-1710. The re-opening of the theatres in 1660 after public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime signalled a renaissance of English drama. Restoration comedy is notorious for its sexual licentiousness, a quality encouraged by Charles II personally and by the rakish aristocratic ethos of his court. English Drama witnessed great changes during Charles II reign. Women were introduced on stage for the first time and they were paid for the same, and theatre as a mode of entertainment and recreation was made fairly accessible to all. As a result of which, the theatre productions received a†¦show more content†¦He refuses to buy into Angelicas self-deception and instead castigates her for the Vanity of that Pride, which taught you how to set such a Price on Sin (II.ii: 12-3). Especially with Angelica, his purpose is to reveal her illusions and hypocrisy. How ever, he doesnt practice deceit to reveal the same. This is probably because his goal is to have sex rather than to cuckold. Thus, the balance between sex and power in Willmores personality leans more towards the enjoyment of sex, and his manipulation extends only to the women in service of this goal. Willmore epitomizes the libertine ideal of sexual freedom. Hellena, the protagonist, exemplifies the independent and witty Restoration comic heroine, a suitable counterpart to her rake-hero Willmore. Independence of spirit is expressed rhetorically by many of the female characters but only Hellena does so through her use of wit. She resourcefully pursues Willmore and wins him. But even Hellena, the most independent and aggressive of Restoration heroines, cannot free herself from the social necessities of female chastity and conventional marriage. Thus, for all Restorartion women characters, increased awareness of and ability to talk about their respective situations does not translate into increased freedom to act. The backdrop to Restoration Comedies explains the recurrent themes running through the play, like those being of love, marriage, prostitution, etc. A good example of the same would be Aphra Behn’sShow MoreRelatedThe Roles Of The Human System Of Emotions1234 Words   |  5 Pageslike John Dryden and William Congreve to produce work for the stage, amongst the new work that was produced was the restoration comedy. The restoration comedy was seen as a particularly vulgar genre of dramatic writing for the stage, due to its characteristic sexual overtones and lack of moral retribution. It was especially troubling to members of the clergy that many restoration comedy narratives seemed to trivialize monogamous marriage through the glamorization of adulterous behavior. 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This is because drama is defined as a representation of life. Four plays which have been selected from Greek, Elizabethan, Restoration and Modern times can be analysed to show and represent the changes of drama. These plays are amp;#8220;Oedipus the King;, amp;#8220;Macbeth;, amp;#8220;The Way of the World; and amp;#8220;A Dollamp;#8217;s House;. The early origins ofRead MoreWilde as Parodist: a Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest : a Review877 Words   |  4 Pagessocial hypocrisies of the upper-classes of the period (late-Victorian). Wilde was being satirical and paradoxical in his play to show the hypocrisy and entertain the viewers in a play that is still being repeated till today. It is a witty and amusing comedy which conveys real life everyday themes such as real love as opposed to selfish love, religion, marriage, being truthful and country life as opposed to city life. Richard Foster, author of â€Å"Wilde as Parodist: A Second Look at The Importance of BeingRead MoreConventions of Drama1980 Words   |  8 Pagessociety. The society present during the time in which a play was written had a direct influence on the plot and characters. This is because drama is defined as a representation of life. Four plays which have been selected from Greek, Elizabethan, Restoration and Modern times can be analysed to show and represent the changes of drama. These plays are #8220;Oedipus the King#8221;, #8220;Macbeth#8221;, #8220;The Way of the World#8221; and #8220;A Doll#8217;s House#8221;. The early origins

Customer Relationship Management Systems Free Essays

string(215) " the system also facilitates the marketing team of an organization to construct and design specifically targeted and effective marketing campaigns which may help increase the profitability of a firm \(Bose, 2002\)\." Abstract: Customer relationship management systems are used in the contemporary business environment to facilitate relationship marketing and other practices, which help firms enhance relationships between themselves, their customers, suppliers, employees, and other partners in their business processes. CRM systems provide all parties with vital information which helps make operations more efficient and enhances profitability. However, CRM systems also have drawbacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Relationship Management Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of CRM systems and illustrates the mentioned concepts through a case study upon Dell. Introduction: A few decades ago, customers would personally go to supermarkets or other stores where they had previously purchased products or availed a service in order to either register complaints, to inquire about other products and services, or in order to purchase the product or book the service again. Likewise, businesses would attempt to observe and manually record which items left their shelves sooner and which items were less popular with customers amongst other data such as sales figures, regular purchasing patterns of customers, and how many customers were satisfied/dissatisfied with a product/service (Reinartz, Kraft, Hoyer, 2004). While it previously took weeks or months for businesses to attempt to gather this information, such information is now available to businesses within seconds. However, the benefit of convenience is not only limited to businesses as customers also enjoy the facility of lodging complaints, asking questions, placing orders, and getting a fully personalized cu stomer service based upon their interests and preferences. While some customers enjoy the fact that businesses are aware of everything about them including their birthdays and the number of members in their family, some customers are not as enthusiastic about this sphere of customer relationship management software systems. Accordingly, customer relationship management software systems have their respective advantages and disadvantages (Chen Popovich, 2003). This paper will discuss the manner in which customer relationship management systems have revolutionized e-business practices and integrated people, processes, and technology both within and across organizational contexts followed by a discussion of the best practices of firms using customer relationship management systems. The paper will then continue to discuss the challenges posed by the customer relationship management system and the social implications of its use with specific emphasis upon privacy issues. A case study of Dell will be provided further in the paper in order to illustrate the applicable concepts mentioned. The paper will conclude with a summary of the main points emphasized in the paper and recommendations for improvements in the use of customer relationship management systems. Customer Relationship Management Systems and Their Effect on E-business: â€Å"E-business is an overall strategy which enables the proper management of business functions including time cycle, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new customers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage† says Lou Gerstner, CEO IBM (Lecture 2). Previously, businesses were not properly aware of what their customers needed and attempted to fulfil those needs and wants through guesswork or by asking a few customers what they preferred over what they did not desire in a product. Thus, managers recorded customer complaints in registers and attempted to resolve them eventually, while this process often resulted in delays over months. However, the implementation of e-business systems and the widespread use of e-commerce have enabled the introduction of customer relationship management systems, which include the â€Å"methodologies, software, and communication capabilities, that help organizations to structure and manage their custo mer relationships and interactions with the objective to increase customer satisfaction with the organisation’s products or services† (Lecture 3). Therefore, customers are now able to access reliable, accurate, and vital information regarding the products and services that they have used with the click of a mouse (Bose, 2002). Customer relationship management systems have benefitted firms by integrating people, processes, and technology to increase the level of efficiency in organizations and enabling firms to use customer information to their advantage. The system enables the production of a customer database recording all customer details and creating a customer profile, which provides the company with details regarding the customer’s needs and frequent purchases. While previously companies would attempt to sell the same product to every customer in the same manner, customer relationship management systems allow the information regarding customer preferences to be used to differentiate and specifically target the firm’s products to a customer (Payne Frow, 2005). Customer relationship management systems are not only used to remain in communication with customers, but are used as a tool to connect a firm’s customers, distribution channel members, suppliers, and other similar parties within the same platform and maximising all of these relationships to increase profitability in the business. This is done through the various features of the customer relationship management systems which provide vital information for all of the parties involved in the business, thus making the conduction of business more convenient, information easily accessible, and operations efficient and cost-effective (Payne Frow, 2005). For example, the sales force automation function of customer relationship management systems provides information on customers, previous deals, and competitors to support the sales force of the team. Thus, the system helps the sales force of the firm perform their job more effectively and also provides the suppliers of the business i nformation regarding customer preferences and the products in highest demand amongst different target groups. Other functions of the system include customer service and support systems, which enable customers to track their orders, monitor their requests, and enables managers to reply to customer queries promptly thus aiding both customer service personnel and customers to fulfil their functions with ease. Field service is a function that allows remote staff to quickly and effectively communicate with the customer service personnel to meet individual needs. Thus, the customer relationship management system provides information to remote staff regarding customer needs in order to enable them to meet them more adequately (Jayachandran et al, 2005). The marketing automation function of the system allows up-to-date information on customers’ buying habits to enable the construction of effective marketing campaigns. Accordingly, the system also facilitates the marketing team of an organization to construct and design specifically targeted and effective marketing campaigns which may help increase the profitability of a firm (Bose, 2002). You read "Customer Relationship Management Systems" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, the customer relationship management system provides information for several parties involved in the business process and thus integrates the use of technology with people in order to improve and enhance business processes. This is one of the main reasons that customer relationship management systems are becoming highly popular amongst firms. The use of the system enables a firm to grow revenue, provide better customer service, introduce repeatable and consistent sales processes, create new value and increase customer loyalty (Campbell, 2003). It also allows firms to implement the three phases of customer relationship management systems, which enables the acquisition of new customers, enhancement of the profitability of existing customers, and the retention of profitable customers for life. It enables the implementation of core customer relationship management processes including cross-selling and up-selling, direct marketing, customer support, and sales force automation. Thus, the use of these processes brings substantial improvements in marketing campaigns, product development, sales, and field service (Lin, Chen, Chiu, 2010). The use of customer relationship management systems has enabled firms to communicate within their organization, with customers, and across their organization to other firms, who may be members of the distribution channel or the firm’s suppliers, by sharing and gathering vital information regarding customers and processing this information to make it useful in the business process. The best practices of customer relationship management systems include well-establishment of organizational needs, good inter-departmental communication, the integration of front-end and back-office data-mining procedures, and the establishment of an up-to-date central warehouse of data (Oztaysi, Sezgin, Ozok, 2011). Many firms currently apply customer relationship management strategies through the implementation of social customer relationship management and the use of social media to get their message across to customers effectively. Platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, are used in order to communicate with customers and advertise products/services to them (Bose, 2003). However, while the use of customer relationship management systems provides extensive advantages to a contemporary business, there are still challenges involved in the use of these systems. While many customers are now accustomed to buying products online, other customers are still highly wary of using such systems and exposing personal information on such websites. Moreover, while the people of some cultures prefer communicating via an electronic source, others are only satisfied with personal contact (Oztaysi, Sezgin, Ozok, 2011).These challenges will be discussed in the next part of this paper. Challenges of Customer Relationship Management Systems and Social Implications of their Use: In order to gather all of the data needed to meet customer needs and provide information to suppliers, sales force, managers, and other parties in the business process, the business needs to use the aid of cookies to track customer surfing details and to record what types of products customers purchase from other websites. The problem is that some customers regard this as an invasion of privacy and refrain from shopping online because they are aware that firms are monitoring their actions. Statistics show that 51% of shoppers are highly concerned about privacy online and 48% refrain from shopping online because of privacy issues (Lecture 3). This can pose serious problems for firms who want to efficiently use their customer relationship management systems and prevent customers from using spyware protection software, making the use of these systems redundant (Fan Ku, 2010). Other challenges posed by the use of customer relationship management systems include the lack of appropriate executive support as some customers feel that they do not receive adequate service online while some business executives also feel that these systems are not satisfactory for use in organizations and refrain from using them. Additionally, many firms lack rationale when they decide to use customer relationship management systems (Ang, 2011). For example, a firm who has a highly personal relationship with customers and thrives upon the personal contact that it enjoys with its customers may not benefit from the adoption of a customer relationship management system as it may lose the element of being able to personally attend to customers. Other problems with the use of customer relationship management systems include an inappropriate network infrastructure, user resistance, and the lack of cultural preparation of these systems (Fan Ku, 2010). One of the major flaws of CRM systems includes their lack of adaptability to different cultures. Contemporary business research has found that customers belonging to different cultural backgrounds tend to act differently when interacting with businesses and have varying preferences regarding the type of contact that they find suitable in business settings. While consumers belonging to masculine cultures may prefer or be comfortable with using technological solutions and communicating with customer service personnel online, customers belonging to feministic cultures may prefer more personal contact. Moreover, customers belonging to certain cultures may consider the invasion of privacy that these systems encompass highly inappropriate while customers from other cultures may believe it to be useful in helping them find the right product (Chen Popovich, 2003). Customer relationship management systems may also be hard to use for the company’s existing management and employees and they may resist a change to the use of these systems as it may involve a change in organizational culture. The appropriate implementation of these systems requires communication, culture, and coordination which helps employees adapt to the systems more appropriately (Campbell, 2003). It may be difficult to integrate the system with other departments in the organization, which will result in the adoption of the system to be expensive. The system may not coordinate well with other accounting and finance software which may cause the organization additional unnecessary expenditure in attempting to adjust the customer relationship management software with their existing technology, existing business processes, and the people associated with the business (Campbell, 2003). It is evident that while the customer relationship management system offers numerous advantages to firms and customers, there are specific challenges that the implementation of the system faces, especially in the realms of resistance shown by customers in allowing an invasion of their privacy. The next section of this paper will outline the manner in which Dell Inc. used customer relationship management software to its advantage and how it incorporated the system within its firm. Dell Case Study: Dell is a globally renowned company offering customers leading global systems and services and the company required the aid of a customer relationship management system to integrate its customers and other global sales teams with the business. Previously, the company used multiple systems, internally designed by the company, which were used in each of the regions that the company operated in. However, the company wished for a flexible and convenient system which was globally accepted and used widely. While the company aimed to find a solution themselves, it was proving to be highly expensive. Thus, the company implemented the use of SalesForce CRM, which is a software allowing the company to integrate with technological partners, customers, employees, and other agents in their business processes. The company required a solution to gather feedback from its 80,000 employees worldwide and also wanted to begin a global partner program in the near future for which it required an appropria te communication platform enabling it to efficiently and effectively communicate with potential technological partners. Thus, the use of SalesForce CRM integrated various departments within the organisation and also allowed the organization to communicate with other organizations using the same interface (Dell Case Study, 2011). The company solved several of its problems using the customer relationship management system which included communicating with approximately 3 million customers everyday and also collaborating with 80,000 employees worldwide. The use of the system enabled the company to extract the top ideas for innovation and better understand what customers were looking forward to by gathering and processing customer feedback on the system. Moreover, employees were also required to give innovative ideas for future technological solutions and business processes and this information was also automatically sorted by the system in order to show Dell’s business executives the most popular opinions. Top ideas were generated through comments and voting upon the posting of various opinions on the system (Dell Case Study, 2011). The company greatly benefitted from the implementation of this system as it generated over 2,500 ideas on innovation in the first week and approximately 700 ideas related to employee feedback regarding business processes. The company has been able to use vital customer feedback in order to design desktops and consumer notebooks and also left Windows XP as a pre-installed operating system in the computers because of customer demand. The technology implemented in the customer relationship management systems enabled the company to track main technological trends and develop products accordingly (Dell Case Study, 2011). Using the Salesforce CRM system enabled the company to integrate various players in its business processes via one platform and also enabled the company to design some its own software solutions which allowed the company to enhance its relationship marketing strategies. However, one of the problems that the company faced with the implementation and use of the Salesforce CRM system was user adaptation of the system. Teaching users worldwide how to operate the various functions that the system offered was an obstacle that the company overcame through offering training sessions on the use of the system and teaching employees and other users worldwide how to use the system within fourteen days. Thus, because Salesforce CRM is an easy-to-use system, users were able to adapt to the new technology easily and within a short period of time. Dell significantly benefitted from the use of the system and the system proved to be cost-effective, efficient, and highly beneficial in increasing the revenue of the company. Obstacles such as adaptation were overcome through the provision of training sessions and through company focus upon implementing and using the system. While the initial installation and provision of training for the system was expensive, the system aided Dell in collaborating with both employees and customers and enabled the company to devise its own technology. Moreover, the company did not use the system to â€Å"spy† on customers or invade their privacy which proved to be an added advantage. The system was used in various manners by the company to solve its current problems and can be used in other ways in the future. Thus, customer relationship management systems can prove to be an addition of value for a company and an important tool used to integrate processes, people, and technology to enhance re lationships within the organisation and outside the realms of the organisation as well. The next section of this paper will discuss the main points emphasized in the paper and provide recommendations regarding the use of customer relationship systems and for Dell Inc. Conclusion and Recommendations: There are various advantages associated with the use of customer relationship management systems which include the functions such as sales force automation, direct marketing, customer service, field service automation, and others. Hence, the use of such systems promotes convenience, access to information and information-processing, and enhances the efficiency of business operations. Moreover, it also allows the integration of people, processes, and technology. This has been illustrated in the case of Dell who use SalesForce CRM to integrate inter-department functions with other organizations that it wishes to partner with. However, the drawbacks of using customer relationship management systems include the issue of customer privacy, user resistance, lack of adaptability, and the inability to prepare the software for use by different cultures. Accordingly, it is recommended that customer relationship management software not be used in place of personal contact but can be used as an additional resource helping keep customers and businesses connected. However, businesses should frequently encourage personal and face-to-face contact with their customers and ask customers for feedback regarding products/services or their personal preferences instead of tracking customers’ surfing data through the use of cookies. If the business deems it necessary to track customer information through cookies, the company must aim to ask customers for permission and inform them that this will enable the business to serve them better through products customized and tailored to suit their needs. Additionally, customers must attempt to adapt the system to suit people of different cultures and nationalities in order to make the system suitable for use by all. In the case of Dell Inc. it is recommended that the company use its CRM system to freely communicate with clients, enable them to customize their computers, provide feedback, and can also use it to motivate employees. This can be done by using it as a portal to provide hard-working employees with recognition for their contribution to the organisation. The company can also use it as a marketing tool in order to inform customers of new products based upon their recent purchases. Thus, the company can use the CRM system for multiple purposes. References Ang, L. (2011). â€Å"Community relationship management and social media.† Journal of Database Marketing Customer Strategy Management. Vol. 18(1) pp. 31-38. Bose, R. (2002). â€Å"Customer relationship management: key components for IT success.† Industrial Management Data Systems. Vol.102(2) pp. 89-97. Campbell, A. J. (2003). â€Å"Creating customer knowledge competence: managing customer relationship management programs strategically.† Industrial Marketing Management. Vol. 32(5) pp.375-383. Chen, I. J., Popovich, K. (2003). â€Å"Understanding customer relationship management (CRM): People, process and technology.† Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 9(5) pp. 672-688. Dell Case Study (2011) Dell-Case Study. Accessed on: March 11, 2014 Available at: http://doblegroup.com/dell-case-study/ Fan, Y. W., Ku, E. (2010). â€Å"Customer focus, service process fit and customer relationship management profitability: the effect of knowledge sharing.† The Service Industries Journal. Vol. 30(2) pp. 203-223. Jayachandran, S., Sharma, S., Kaufman, P., Raman, P. (2005). â€Å"The role of relational information processes and technology use in customer relationship management.† Journal of Marketing. Vol. 69(4), pp.177-192. Lin, R. J., Chen, R. H., Chiu, K. K. S. (2010). â€Å"Customer relationship management and innovation capability: an empirical study.† Industrial Management Data Systems. Vol.110(1) pp.111-133. Oztaysi, B., Sezgin, S., Ozok, A. F. (2011). â€Å"A measurement tool for customer relationship management processes.† Industrial Management Data Systems. Vol. 111(6) pp. 943-960. Payne, A., Frow, P. (2005). â€Å"A strategic framework for customer relationship management.† Journal of Marketing. Vol. 69(4) pp.167-176. Reinartz, W., Krafft, M., Hoyer, W. D. (2004). â€Å"The customer relationship management process: its measurement and impact on performance.† Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 41(3) pp.293-305. How to cite Customer Relationship Management Systems, Essay examples

Clinical Psychology Essay Research Paper Clinical PsychologyThe free essay sample

Clinical Psychology Essay, Research Paper Clinical Psychology The word psychological science can interpret to intend # 8220 ; the scientific discipline of the soul. # 8221 ; Since Aristotle, psychological science has become both a scientific discipline and a profession. As a profession, it is the application of understanding people and their behaviour to assist work out human jobs ( Careers, 1993 ) . A psychologist normally concentrates on one forte that is of peculiar involvement. There are many different Fieldss of psychological science to analyze. Clinical psychologists work with people with emotional and mental jobs ( Career Discovery, 1997 ) . A clinical psychologist fundamentally prevents, evaluates, and dainties mental and emotional upsets in persons. # 8220 ; Disorders range from minor jobs of accommodation and normal psychological hurt related to biological growing, to more terrible conditions such as depression, schizophrenic disorder, and those necessitating patient institutionalization # 8221 ; ( Specialty, 1995 ) . Peoples who want to work in this field must be emotionally stable and personable. # 8220 ; Patience, compassion, sensitiveness, and leading accomplishments are particularly of import in a clinical scene # 8221 ; ( Specialty, 1995 ) . Duties include finding the nature, cause, and possible effects of single struggles and hurt, whether they are personal, societal, or work related ( Specialty, 1995 ) . While judging upsets, clinical psychologists interview patients and observe their behaviour in single state of affairss ( Meggyes, 1998 ) . Patient # 8217 ; s medical and societal instance histories are reviewed and so sometimes-suitable aptitude trials, personality trials, involvement stock lists, and accomplishment trials are given to the patient. Clinical psychologists work with people of all ages and ripening degrees. On the other manus, they might concentrate their attending toward a peculiar group like households or prison inmates. Some evens specialize in handling certain upsets. Many clinical psychologists conduct research and publish their informations. Examples of subjects studied include the causes of depression or the development of phobic disorder. Other clinical psychologists teach and guide pupils of cl inical psychological science in an academic surrounding ( Specialty, 1995 ) . The on the job conditions for a clinical psychologist is largely the same as a psychologist in any other field of survey. Clinical psychologists work in comfy office scenes, schoolrooms, or research labs. Some that are in a private pattern choose to put their ain hours, but may hold to work eventides and weekends to suit client agendas. For clinical psychologists that teach at topographic points of instruction, they might split their clip between learning, research, and administrative duties ( Specialty, 1995 ) . A clinical psychologist demands at least a Masters grade in clinical psychological science and a graduate student sheepskin in clinical psychological science ( Hinengaro, 1998 ) . More than 60 per centum, though, of all people who work in psychological science hold a doctorate grade ( Hopke, 1993 ) . In clinical psychological science the demands for the Ph. D. or Psy. D. degree normally include one twelvemonth of internship or supervised experience. Besides, # 8220 ; the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology offers sheepskins in clinical, guidance, industrial organizational, and school psychological science to those people with a doctorial grade with outstanding educational records and experience who can go through the needed psychological science scrutinies # 8221 ; ( Hopke, 1993 ) . All provinces require psychologists to be licensed or certified by a province board to pattern independent, unsupervised psychological science ( Specialty, 1995 ) . Bowling Green University, Notre Dame, and University of Florida ( U.F. ) are merely a few of the colleges that offer grades in psychological science. The American Psychological Association ( APA ) defines the Department of Clinical and Health Psychology at U.F. There are two degree options available at U.F. They are the Maestro of Humanistic disciplines in Education and Specialist in Education, and a Ph.D. For pupils who enter Ph.D. plan with a unmarried man # 8217 ; s grade, it will take six old ages to finish. For those who enter with a Masterss or Masterss # 8217 ; specialist grade it will take two to three old ages to finish. The plan consists of a general psychological science nucleus course of study, a clinical psychological science nucleus, required research undertakings, a sequence of needed clinical pattern, a series of advanced elected classs, an country of concentration, and an APA-accredited internship in clinical psychological science. The plan is designed as a five-year intensive plan of survey, pattern, and research. ( Doctoral Program ) . Wages of clinical psychologists do depend on educational degree, work experience, and employer. In the early 1990s the average wage for clinical psychological science was around $ 40,000. Wages in the Midwest started at a depression of $ 25,560 for get downing psychologists, to $ 60, 900 for those in executive place ( Specialty, 1995 ) . Today, Clinical psychologists with a doctorial grade and one twelvemonth of internship start at $ 31,000 or $ 37,300 depending on other makings ( Careers, 1993 ) . Richard Siegert is a clinical psychologist based in Victoria University # 8217 ; s Psychology Department, where he is caput of the Clinical Psychology subdivision. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; It wasn # 8217 ; t something I planned. I guess like a batch of people, psychological science was merely something I stumbled across at university seeking to calculate out what I was traveling to make # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Hinengaro, 1998a ) . Completing a Bachelor of Science in psychological science at Victoria University, Richard so did his Maestro of Social Science grade and clinical sheepskin at Waikato University before happening work with the Justice Department as a psychologist. # 8220 ; # 8217 ; I # 8217 ; ve likely done more than most by blending the clinical and the academic. I # 8217 ; ve done more on the academic side, but most people would make their grade and merely travel into pattern instead than hop between them like I did # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Hinengaro, 1998a ) . Richard keeps i nvolvement in psychological science because of the diverseness of the topic. # 8220 ; # 8217 ; It # 8217 ; s impossible to maintain up with everything that # 8217 ; s go oning. I # 8217 ; ve tried but now I # 8217 ; m merely specialising in the one country, and even that # 8217 ; s merely detonating # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Hinengaro, 1998a ) . Employment of psychologists is predicted to turn from 125,000 in 1990 to 204,000 in 2005, an enlargement of 63.6 per centum, harmonizing to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The employment mentality is best for those with doctorate grades, which usually encounter a really low unemployment rate. Due to falling college enrollment, academic occupations are non expected to experience much growing through the 1990s. Except in places in other countries, such as health care, concern, and authorities, are predicted to turn. Bachelor # 8217 ; s degree holders can anticipate to get really few occupations straight related to psychological science. Some may happen occupations as helpers in rehabilitation centres, or in other occupations affecting informations aggregation and analysis. Those who meet State enfranchisement demands may go high school psychological science instructors ( Specialty, 1995 ) . Clinical psychological science is applied psychological science which incorporates the theoretical bases and scientific methods of psychological science into the intervention of psychological jobs. Clinical psychological science is merely one of several sub Fieldss of psychological science. Other businesss in the field include community psychologists, reding psychologists, developmental psychologists, experimental psychologists, and neuropsychologists. Psychiatrists, societal workers, and particular instruction instructors are besides in relation the psychological science field. Bibliography Mentions Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology. Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hp.ufl.edu/chp/gradprogram.html Hinengaro, K. ( 1998 ) . Clinical Psychologist. Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.careers.co.nz/jobs/3i_csv/j25322c.htm Hinengaro, K. ( 1998as ) . Personal Profile: Richard Siegert. Retrieved December 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.careers.co.nz/jobs/3i_csv/j25322f.htm Hopke, W. E. ( Ed. ) . ( 1993 ) . Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance. Chicago: J.G. Ferguson Printing Company. Jakubiak, J. ( Ed ) . ( 1995 ) . Specialty Occupational Mentality: Professions. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. Meggyes, K. ( 1998 ) . Some Basic Information Sing Clinical Psychology. Retrieved November 30, 1999 from the worldwide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //home.netvigator.com/~meggyesk/what.htm

Buoyancy Lab Report Essay Example

Buoyancy Lab Report Paper From information learned in the accompanying Fluid Mechanics lecture course, basic formulas can be applied to solve for the specific weight of the object in question. The experiment performed will involve the buoyancy principle and include calculating the volume displaced of a submerged object. This is laboratory experiment under a controlled environment. The results of this experiment can be found by using the weight of each object when dry as well as submerged in water in order to determine the specific weights of the objects. This concludes the Archimedes principle to be true in that the collected values were very close to those of the available accepted data for the respected materials. These findings will likewise set the basis for fluid mechanics study to come during the remainder of this course. Objective Introduction: The objective of this lab experiment is to gather enough information to be able to use the buoyancy principle to determine specific weight of multiple objects. Submarines apply Archimedes Principle when changing depth. A submarine ivies deeper by opening its ballast tank, collecting enough water to increase the submarines weight to an amount greater than the buoyant force. By pushing water out of the ballast tanks, the submarine becomes lighter than the buoyant force, allowing the submarine to rise. Archimedes Principle is used in everyday industries which involve buoyancy, to include watercraft, weather balloons, and even life-preservers. It is necessary to know whether or not something will float, as intended, or sink below the surface of the fluid in which it is In the year 250 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Buoyancy Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Buoyancy Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Buoyancy Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer C. Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse published On Floating Bodies, a book containing various scientific and mathematical principles which he had scrutinized and eventually proved through rigorous trial and error While never fully verified, the legend of the buoyancy principle was verified by Archimedes himself after noticing the water level rise after stepping into his bathtub one night. His exclamation of Eureka! , Greek for l found it marked this significance and had been used as a verbal mark for discovery in the English language ever since. In modern engineering, Archimedes principle can be seen in nearly every real world application. In the basic sense, calculations for ocean- going vessels are wholly dependent on the buoyancy principle. For a more broad sense, the principle of material composition verification can nearly always come back to soaking and floating an object. And for a more abstract outlook, the floating of blimps, balloons, and lighter-than-air craft is dependent on the fact that their specific weight is equal to their weight displaced divided by their displaced volume. Theory Experimental Methods: Archimedes Principle states that objects in a specific medium (i. E. Air or water) experience an upward force known as buoyant force. In order for something to stay afloat, this force must be equal in magnitude or in the case of lift with a hot-air balloon, greater than, the weight of the volume displaced by that object. Moreover, this amount of substance or in the case of this experiment; the water (or fluid) displaced will be equal to the volume of water displaced divided by the specific weight of the object.

The Moral Sense essays

The Moral Sense essays The Moral Sense, written by James Q. Wilson, disagrees with previous philosophers such as Marx and Hobbes as it illustrates that all humans are capable of potential good. On the other hand, Marx and Hobbes pointed out that any acts of kindness come from the self interest of the individual. Wilson believes that humans have a connection between their morals and their human nature. This connection opposes that of previous philosophers for they separated the theories of human nature and morals. This conclusion by Wilson expresses his belief that all individuals have the skills and talents to be an all-round good person. Wilson introduces the four moral sentiments of sympathy, fairness, self-control, and duty. However, sympathy is the strongest sentiment for it is the basis for the other three sentiments to be formed. Following Adam Smith, Wilson favers that sympathy serves both as an important standard for moral judgments and as a motive for moral action: feeling anothers pain, we find ourselves compelled to alleviate his suffering or take revenge on his persecutor. Wilson identifies sympathy as the human capacity for being affected by the feelings and experiences of others (Wilson 30). Sympathy can be seen as a device to moderate human brutality and offensiveness. Situations like an old lady being robbed, excites sympathy and not just the thought of sympathy causes reaction. Humans have to feel an obligation to the situation in order to feel any sympathy for the situation. Without sympathy all the other sentiments would be extremely complicated and near close to impossible. For example, i s someone was ignorant to the feelings and concerns of others, he would not strive for fairness, nor would he feel obligated to have self-control. Influencing Wilson, Adam Smith feels sympathy is the source of the human moral sense. Smith elaborates by stating that the compassion of the spectator must arise alto...

Tesco Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Tesco Management - Case Study Example The company is a new entrant in the American market and has only about 53 stores all of them located in USA. Any organization irrespective of size or motive (profit or not-for-profit), whether it is publicly owned or not will be affected by many factors and influences. These might be external and internal. This paper is divided into two parts and the first one will analyse the external and internal influences on TESCO. The second part of the paper will discuss the topic of globalization with reference to the above mentioned company. In the process it will take the following three issues into consideration. It will analyse how globalisation influences policies and decision making in TESCO. It will then critically evaluate the effectiveness of the organisation's response to those issues and finally provide some areas for improvement in the response of the organisation. The paper will begin with a short history and development of the company. As with most organisations TESCO started off as a single grocery stall in 1919. The shop was started by Jack Cohen who named the shop TESCO in 1924. The inspiration behind the name was a tea supplier called T E Stockwell. Cohen used the T E and S, the first three letters of the name and CO to form the word. The company began to grow rapidly and soon had a headquarters in North London in the year 1932 and also became a private limited company in the same year. The company went public in the year 1947. Expansion continued mainly though acquisitions of other stores. The company also began building superstores and also entered the retail petrol sale in UK. The current name of TESCO Plc was taken in 1983. The company's first overseas expansion was in 1995 to Hungary. The Company entered the Asian market two years later. Its internet portal and shopping facility TESCO.com is launched in 2000. TESCO entered the highly competitive market in the year 2007 only. Internal influences: The internal factors are those which can be controlled to a large extent by the company management and staff. Internal influences include, the management strategy, the human resources of the company, the marketing strategy, the level of technology, the organisational culture etc. Management strategy: The overall strategy formulated and practiced by the management will have a great influence on the company. If the policies are not properly taken, it will have a negative influence and correct ones will have a positive influence. It is also said that implementation of the strategy is more important than the strategy itself. "A study of 275 portfolio managers reported that the ability to execute strategy was more important than the quality of the strategy itself." (Kaplan and Norton 2001, p.1). The management strategy of TESCO can be easily understood and reviewed from what the company calls its steering wheel. The basic vision of the company with regard to customer service is the words 'every little helps' that appears in most of the company's pages. Their strategy is classified into five sections namely customer, community, operations, people and finance. Customer strategy includes great service by the staff, eliminating the need for queuing, providing a wide variety of goods that customers can get his needs under one roof, offer the lowest possible prices and obtain lifelong customer

Why Pit bulls should not be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why Pit bulls should not be banned - Essay Example The controversy surrounding particular breed of pit bulls is hidden from nobody these days. It is believed that the controversial rumors intended to attach a horrendous and notorious reputation to these dogs are specially appreciated by those who do not own one of these themselves. In contrast, the proponents of pit bull bans argue that dog bite epidemic has become a recognized problem in the US lately and it is high time now that weight actions at superior level be made to pin down the reports of pit bulls killing and maiming people. Facts and discussion presented in this essay are meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"pit bulls should not be banned rather efforts should be directed at educating the dog owners and people and passing the strictest criminal and dog control laws.† There is an increasing need to acknowledge the fact that on grounds of only a few nasty and sorry incidents, not all pit bulls should be banned because unreasonable aggression is not a part of their nature and they tend to attack only under certain stressful or perilous circumstances. Not just pit bull but any other dog also would feel compelled to attack upon being annoyed by owners or other people who are not properly educated about a certain breed’s specifics which implies that people are to be blamed for the pit bull bite problem and not the entire breed itself. The idea of banning pit bulls should be condemned by everyone as one argument against implementation of breed specific laws reasonably suggests that â€Å"banning a breed is like human racial discrimination† (Phillips). ... roponents of pit bull bans claim that not only pit bulls but all closely related breeds should be banned which reflects a severe violation of animal rights because if it is really desired to put an end to the dog bite issues in the US, then those criminal minded dog owners should be apprehended and interrogated who subject the pit bulls to insanely hard to believe cruel and atrocious treatment as a way of making them violently dangerous. Why pit bulls are judged in such a negative and biased manner and arguments are made to ban them when they are not the culprits in the first place but innocent victims of severe abuse and cruelty? The proponents of pit bull bans should actually question their own flawed argument to â€Å"ban pit bulls and their closely related breeds† (Phillips). Another popular argument enthusiastically spread by the proponents of pit bull bans is related to the extreme danger associated with pit bulls because apparently this danger is so well established tha t these dogs are held responsible for about â€Å"75% of all reported canine-inflicted human deaths in the past two decades† (Phillips). What is sad is that the large group of advocates openly supporting the breed bans also includes some respected figures like Ingrid Newkirk whose opinions are trusted and considered valid. But the important thing is not to blindly believe someone else’s beliefs but to responsibly take up an issue to explore it in an impartial manner and reach decisions as objectively as possible. Considering the long history of cruel treatment of pit bulls at hands of the inhuman owners, the banning argument loses its validity along with the claim that pit bulls and other closely related breeds account for majority of all canine-inflicted deaths reported in the US. This is because

Christmas and Chinese New Year Festival | Comparison

Christmas and Chinese New Year Festival | Comparison After researching both Christmas and the Chinese New Year Festival, interesting similarities between the two unique celebrations came into fruition. For instance, both contain traditional meals, presents, feasts, decorations, songs, poems, God(s), folk lore, and are family oriented occasions. When discovering similarities, there were also perceptible differences between the two, such as the time of year, and the significance of the occasion within their respective cultures. This paper will be showcasing both Christmas, and the Chinese New Year Festival in terms of their origins, as well as the similarities and differences they both share. Christmas is a religious celebratory holiday, which embraces the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas Eve takes place on December 24th, the day before Jesus Christ is born. This is the day where family members gather for a festive meal, which in North America, usually consists of a large turkey, mashed potatoes, stuffing, vegetables, gravy and wine. It is significant to know that different cultures may eat different meals. According to Wikipedia.org, â€Å"In Poland, traditional Christmas Eve meals include one or more of the following foods: Golabki filled with Kasza, Pierogi, Borscht, fish soup, carp, and pickled Herring. Krupnik is sometimes drunk after dinner,†[1] and â€Å"In the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, a coin is concealed in a bread loaf and the host breaks a piece of the loaf at the dinner table for each member of the household: it is believed that the one who gets the piece of bread with the coin will be fortunate in the forthcoming year. The dinner is accordin g to the rules of fasting: fish, baked beans, sauerkraut, walnuts and red wine are common. The dessert may consist of apples and dried fruits: plums, dates, figs. The table is usually not cleared after the dinner and until the next morning, to leave some food for the holly spirits a custom which probably comes from pagan pre-Christian times.†[2] Also, there are many families whom may attend mass or choose to â€Å"divine fast†[3]on this day, as a means to celebrate on the night before Jesus birth. It is important to know that non-religious individuals may also celebrate Christmas as well, whom primarily focus on the family, feasting, and gift giving aspect of Christmas. Some may view Santa Claus, a mythological figure, to be more important than Jesus Christ. Santa Claus is known for travelling across the world on December 24th, from the North Pole, delivering presents to the â€Å"nice† children, while the â€Å"naughty† children receive a lump of coal. H ence, Santas list for delivering gifts to children is called the â€Å"naughty or nice list.† Santa Clause originates from â€Å"St. Nicholas, whom tried to help others while inspiring his virtues. Legends of his unselfish giving spread all over Northern Europe, and accounts of his heroic deeds blended with regional folklore. Eventually, the image of the stately saint was transformed onto an almost mystical being, one known for rewarding the good and punishing the bad.†[4] How Santa Clauss name came to be in North America was due to Dutch immigrants whom â€Å"presented Sinterklaas (meaning St. Nicholas) to the colonies. In their excitement, many English-speaking children uttered the name so quickly that Sinterklaas sounded like Santy Claus. After years of mispronunciation, the name evolved into Santa Claus.†[5] December 25th is the day where Jesus Christ, known to many Christians as their savior, is born. This is the day where a few individuals will put up nume rous decorations, although many will decorate in advance. Examples of decorations used for Christmas are; miniature size nativity scene figures, stockings, wreaths, ornaments, candles, mistletoes, garlands, poinsettias, Christmas lights and most importantly, the Christmas tree. â€Å"The origin of the tree is credited to Saint Boniface (circa 722) who stopped a child from becoming a human sacrifice to a pagan god by striking down the oak tree destined for use as the stake. A fir tree sprang up in its place and he declared it a holy tree and instructed the faithful to carry one to their homes and surround it with love and gifts.†[6] Ultimately, the blending of numerous cultures is how Santa Claus, as well as the numerous traditions on Christmas Eve and Day, came to be. The Chinese New Year Festival is a major holiday, which has been celebrated in mainland China for many centuries, taking place on â€Å"the second New Moon after the winter solstice.†[7] It is significant to know that this festival is also celebrated in other countries by its Chinese inhabitants, while various foreigners have been known to participate in the festivities as well. During this coming year, 2010, the Chinese will be celebrating the year of the tiger, the first day being on February 14th. â€Å"According to tales and legends, the beginning of Chinese New Year started with the fight against a mythical beast called the Nien (Chinese: ?;pinyin: nià ¡n). Nien would come on the first day of New Year to devour livestock, crops, and even villagers, especially children. To protect themselves, the villagers would put food in front of their doors at the beginning of every year.†[8] The Chinese not only used food as a means to protect themselves from Nian, but they al so released firecrackers, and wore red attire. Hence, the color red is strongly used throughout the festival, such as clothing, decorations, envelopes, sweets, gifts, etc. When families come together, they will feast on meat, noodles, rice, dumplings, mandarin oranges, sweets, and so forth. Before the feast, which takes place on the Eve of Chinese New Year, red envelopes with money inside and gifts should have already been distributed amongst family members, and children. The Chinese New Year consists of fifteen days, with the majority of the days each signifying different customs and actions. For instance, â€Å"The first day of the Lunar New Year is â€Å"the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth.† Many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them,†[9] â€Å"The fifth day is called Po Woo. On that day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck,†[10] â€Å"the seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. These farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. The seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success,†[11] and on â€Å"the 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. After so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.†[12] These are just a few of the customs that the Chinese celebrate throughout their New Year Festival. â€Å"It is also the tradition that every family thoroughly cleans the house to sweep away any ill-fortune in hopes to make way for good incoming luck. Windows and doors will be decorated with red color paper-cuts and couplets with popular themes of â €Å"happiness†, â€Å"wealth†, and â€Å"longevity†.†[13] Decorations are usually red, consisting of pictures, greetings, and Chinese idioms. On the fifteenth and final day of the Chinese New Year Festival, the Lantern Festival takes place. During this period, numerous individuals decorate the streets with Lanterns they have lit, which are primarily red. Some people may add their own unique individuality to a lantern, by adding a song or a poem to it. The Chinese New Year Festival is a high-spirited, content time where family and friends come together in order to celebrate years of tradition, such as feasts, decorations, gifts, envelopes, mythology, fortune gods, national pride, etc. It is also an influential festival that has spread across the world, blending in with copious cultures. It is fascinating to learn that Christmas and the Chinese New Year have actual similarities, with slight variations to them. For instance, the use of flowers is strongly used in both celebrations, although the Chinese convention for flowers has a more significant meaning within their culture. A certain flower can symbolize different connotations, for instance, longevity, luck, prosperity, tranquility, health, etc. The Chinese are known for using many different flowers for the Chinese New Year Festival, such as pussy willows, plum blossoms, water lilies, bamboo, and so forth. For example, the reason for using pussy willows for the Chinese New Year is â€Å"In Cantonese, â€Å"Yin Liu† sounds like â€Å"Yin Lou† which is similar to â€Å"Yin Liang† (money). Therefore, having this plant around during Chinese New Year would represent the invitation of abundant luck and prosperity into homes.†[14] As for western cultures, when celebrating Christmas, individuals use flowers mostly as decorations. It is principal to know, that there is an origin story of how the poinsettia became the official flower for Christmas. â€Å"The poinsettia is a shrub that features green leaves combined with red, white, or pink leaves surrounding tiny yellow flowers. Used by the Aztecs as a dye and medicine, it is native to Mexico and Central America where it is known as â€Å"Flores de Noche Buena† (Flower of the Holy Night) and was used in these areas by Franciscan friars in Nativity processions as early as the 17th century.†[15] In terms of sweets and baked goods, sticky cake and Christmas cake closely resemble one another. Sticky cake, also known as Neen Gow, is a fruitcake that can be either steamed or baked. This particular cake is made in appreciation for the kitchen god. The Christmas cake started out as porridge from the English, evolving over the past couple of centuries into a fruit cake. The ingredients usually consist of eggs, flour, su gar, butter, marzipan, spices, dried fruit, spices, and whisky. â€Å"All Christmas cakes are made in advance. Many make them in November, keeping the cake upside down in an airtight container. A small amount of brandy, sherry or whisky is poured into holes in the cake every week until Christmas. This process is called â€Å"feeding† the cake.†[16]Both celebrations are also known for the process of giving and receiving gifts to friends and/or relatives. For instance, during the Chinese New Year, individuals will give gifts, which â€Å"are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes. Common gifts include fruits (typically oranges, and never pears), cakes, biscuits, chocolates, candies, or some other small gift.†[17] Christmas gifts are also distributed, and some gifts can be similar to those that are given on the Chinese New Year, but Christmas gifts usually consist from a large variety of options. For example, food, alcohol, jewelry, elect ronics, toys, household appliances, automobiles, etc. Christmas and the Chinese New Year are both important celebratory occasions, which can bring joy and anticipation amongst those whom celebrate these events. These are times when family, friends and even complete strangers, can come together in harmonious enthusiasm. Both events contain similarities, such as, folk lore, feasts, decorations, gifts, traditions, songs, poems, flowers, God(s), games, etc. Christmas, a westernized occasion, may contain different significance and symbolic meanings to those whom celebrate it rather than those whom celebrate the Chinese New Year. But, the most important thing about these two occasions, even with their differences, is they bring people together, and are both accepting towards all cultures and beliefs. Works Cited Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.wikipedia.org/chinesesnewyear Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.ci.lenoir.nc.us/index.asp?Type=B_EVSEC=%7BF083A2AC-A24E-4B3B-8944-F912226F078D%7DDE=%7B817E6FA1-42C1-4B01-8A28-F0EF2477494F%7D Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.familyculture.com/holidays/chinese_new_year.htm (December.2, 2001)The Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 (February.8, 2007) Popular Chinese New Year Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Davis, John K. (November.10, 2009)The Origins of Traditional Holiday Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.chinapage.com/newyear.html Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve References Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.wikipedia.org/chinesesnewyear Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.ci.lenoir.nc.us/index.asp?Type=B_EVSEC=%7BF083A2AC-A24E-4B3B-8944-F912226F078D%7DDE=%7B817E6FA1-42C1-4B01-8A28-F0EF2477494F%7D Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.familyculture.com/holidays/chinese_new_year.htm (December.2, 2001)The Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 (February.8, 2007) Popular Chinese New Year Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Davis, John K. (November.10, 2009)The Origins of Traditional Holiday Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.chinapage.com/newyear.html Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November 27,2009 from http://www.calendar-updates.com/info/holidays/us/christmaseve.aspx Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://www.ornamentshop.com/history_story/part1.asp Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November 27, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.northpolesantaclaus.com/santahistory.htm (December.2, 2001)The Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A665949 Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.chinapage.com/newyear.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.wikipedia.org/chinesesnewyear Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/mroth/438/CHINA/taboos.html Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.ci.lenoir.nc.us/index.asp?Type=B_EVSEC=%7BF083A2AC-A24E-4B3B-8944-F912226F078D%7DDE=%7B817E6FA1-42C1-4B01-8A28-F0EF2477494F%7D (February.8, 2007) Popular Chinese New Year Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/02/08/popular-chinese-new-year-plants/ Davis, John K. (November.10, 2009)The Origins of Traditional Holiday Plants. Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://botany.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_origins_of_traditional_christmas_plants Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://www.familyculture.com/holidays/chinese_new_year.htm Retrieved November.28, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Military Investigation Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Military Investigation Military Intelligence Organizations Military Intelligence is a division of military the purpose of which is to exploit the number of information collected and analysis techniques in order to provide guidance and directions to commanders in support of the crucial decisions made by them. They do it by performing an analysis and assessment of the available data which they gathers from wide range of sources, guiding and directing the commanders to make decisions or respond to focused questions as part of their operational campaign. The collected information is first identified and then incorporated into the process of intelligence collection, analysis and dissemination. Military Intelligence Organizations have played their role in resolving conflicts in any nation. Discusses here is the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the role of U.S. Military Intelligence Organizations to resolve it. The incident took place on August 2 4 1964 (Kim, 1999). This was the incident that helped the America’s involvement in Vietnam War. Gulf of Tonkin Incident Overview When President Lyndon b. took over charge of the country after the death of President John F. Kennedy, he became worried about the South Vietnam’s ability to keep away the Communist Viet Cong guerillas that were actively operating at that time in the country. In order to follow the established policy of containment, the Secretary of Defense at that time Robert McNamara started to increase the military aid to South Vietnam (Trueman, 2000). Many Norwegian built fast patrol boats (PTFs) were purchased and sent to South Vietnam. These PTFs helped in conducting a series of attacks on coastal areas of South Vietnam as part of Operation 34A. 34A was originally began by Central Intelligence Agency in 1961, it was a extremely classified program of the covert operations against North Vietnam. Due to several early failed attacks, in 1964 it was transferred to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group, and the focus of it was shifted towards maritime operations. In due course of time, U.S. Navy was also instructed to conduct Desoto patrols off the North Vietnam. The Desoto Patrols consisted of the American warships cruising in international waters in order to conduct electronic surveillance operations (Shane, 2001). As a result of 34A and the Desoto Patrols, the ships offshore were made able to collect important information about the North Vietnamese Military capabilities. The First Attack On July 31, 1964 the destroyer USS Maddox conducted the Desoto Patrol off North Vietnam (Paterson, 2008). Under the operational command of Captain John J. Herrick, it steamed through the Gulf of Tonkin collecting intelligence information. This mission was accompanied by several 34A attacks including many big attacks on two islands of North Vietnam. The Government of North Vietnam decided to strike the USS Maddox and on August 2, three Soviet built P-4 Motor torpedo boats were dispatched to attack the destroyer. About twenty-eight miles cruising in international waters, the torpedo caught the USS Maddox. In the meanwhile, Herrick requested for air support from the U.S. Air Force. The request was granted and the four F-8 Crusaders were sent towards the Maddox position. Herrick also ordered to fire the three warning shots if the torpedo reaches a range of 10,000 yards of ship. These warning shots were fired and the P-4s launched their first torpedo attack. The Maddox scored fire on P-4s and was just being hit by one 14.5 millimeter machine gun bullet. Soon after fifteen minutes, the F- crusades arrived to rescue the Maddox and started hitting the targeted fires on North Vietnamese boats, damaging the two and leaving the third one dead in the waters. The attack was retreated and the Maddox returned to join its friends but the Desoto mission was continued as per orders of the commander in the Pacific. The Second Attack On August 4, the American radars, sonar and radio signals were received of another North Vietnam attacks. Taking evasive action, the U.S. Maddox fired on numerous radar signals targets. After this incident (Parados, 2004), Herrick was not sure that his ship was attacked by the North Vietnam. Reporting at 1:27 AM Washington times that due to freak weather, the radar and sonar signals did report some of the enemy ships but nothing has been visualized by the Maddox. After suggesting the complete evaluation of the affair conducted by the U.S military intelligence, Herrick radioed a request asking for a complete reconnaissance in daylight by the aircrafts. But the American aircrafts flying over the area failed to find out any North Vietnam ship. Although there were doubts about the second attack, those present on Maddox were convinced that the attack did happen. This along with the flawed signals intelligence from the National Security Agency led the forces to attack retaliatory airstrikes against North Vietnam. On August 5, the Operation Pierce Arrow saw aircrafts from USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation strike and attack about thirty North Vietnam vessels. Although the subsequent research and records prove that the second attack didn’t happen. This was also reinforced by the statements from the retired Vietnamese Defense Minister who admitted the August 2 attack but denied the second attack. After ordering the airstrikes, soon Johnson went on to address the nation on television regarding the incident. He in his address requested the passage of a resolution, which expresses the unity and determination of the United States in support of their freedom and in the hope to protect peace in the Southeast Asia (Cohen Solomon, 1994). He also argued that he didn’t want a wider war, and said that United States would continue to protect its national interests. As approved on August 6, 1964, the Southeast Asia (Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution, gave Johnson the power to use military intelligence and force in the region without requiring a declaration of war. Later on over the next few years, Johnson used this resolution to rapidly escalate the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Intelligence has fulfilled the wider ranging and very important functions in different section including security, diplomacy and statecraft (Augustin, 2009). However in past few years, the role of military intelligence in resolution of conflicts has expanded and broadened its range and now it forms the core element of conflict management policies and procedures. Ancient Greece is the first democracy in the world. It has established several institutions that served as intelligence services. Proxenia were the upper class citizens of Greece who served as top class agents. They used to collect information and even executed the assassinations if required. The Heralds collected the public and private information. Both were protected by the Law of Greece and only the Heralds used to get the rewards of bringing good news back to the nation. Greece impressive political and military achievements really lacked the true intelligence system like today. Although they didn’t have the proper intelligence system like today but still they had the intelligence cycle existed in their military endeavors. The two major requirements of intelligence services are democratic control and the effectiveness of the actions and activities (Augustin, 2009). African countries always had difficulties in managing and creating the solid intelligence systems. The territory of the Sahara Dessert is always problematic so the military intelligence related to that area is restricted. In 1997, the African countries created a security sector reform whose purpose was to try and narrow the challenges and constraints of developing a proper military intelligence system in the area. The main challenges that African countries are facing these days include the legacy of the African socialism and colonialism, autocratic military and security services and the unknown and informal activities of the military intelligence services. Gambia established the National Intelligence Agency in order to protect the regime. The unsuccessful attempts of Eisenhower and Kennedy to remove Castro from the power are considered as the failed military intelligence actions (Augustin, 2009). According to them the biggest threat to democracy is the communism. In Cuba, the America supported the Batista leading anti-communist government. After Castro being elected to power, he started quickly eliminating his enemies. And started to nationalize the economy and created knots with the USSR. His actions made it clear by 1960 that he was following the communism path for the Cuba. Eisenhower tried to remove the Castro from power by training Anti-Castro forces and sneaking them into Cuba. They began to target the Cuban sugar fields and the CIA developed an assassination program to eliminate Castro. Although such attempts were failed again and again, Kennedy tried to invade the Cuba by the Bay of Pigs operation but that was again a failure. This was all due to the strong military intelligence of Castro which saved him from all the American attacks. The Shah of Iran has a weak legitimacy and had lot of enemies (Augustin, 2009), ], so to overcome them in 1957, he formed the SAVAK, a national intelligence and security organization. The SAVAK served a tool to torture and eliminated anyone who could prove as a threat to the Shah and his dynasty. No open opposition was allowed against the institution in Iran during Shah Regime, but with the passage of time the resistance of people became worst. Khomeini got exiled to Iraq and then to France because of his increasing popularity and threat to his life. In 1977, censorship law was introduced in Iran in order to retain the Shah’s power but due to his detachment from the public, the public dismissed him and Khomeini came to power after the over throw of the Shah of Iran .In 1980 under the rule of Reagan (Augustin, 2009), The U.S. Intelligence Community realized a need for more intense intervention in Central America in order to stop the communist expansion. El Salvador’s mil itary government was the only potential barrier against the communism in the Central America. The DIA also tried to help the government of El Salvador to assist them fight against the leftist group called as FMLN. The DIA worked and operated with the direct military intelligence information sharing and between 1987 to 1989 a guerilla attack was made by the FMLN which surprised the El Salvador and the American armies. This also showed that how little the U.S support helped. Over all the defense of the El Salvador is considered as the failure in the history of the U.S. military intelligence. Intelligence is basically the sociological phenomenon that is used for the information gathering and to ensure the prevention of hostility (Augustin, 2009). It is important to differentiate between the intelligence that has been existed in any nation and the intelligence that is established as a result of state concept. Intelligence cycle, covert actions and counter intelligence are all the components necessary for decision making process. Intelligence focuses on the hostility both in democracies and non-democracies tenures. Intelligence in democratic system must have strong relations with the citizens and must work under a legal framework. The functions and scope of working of intelligence agencies must be clarified and their methods of working and sources of information must be protected. However intelligence in the non-democratic system concentrates more on internal opposition rather than external threats. So the intelligence is outside of the scope of legal framework in non-democ ratic system while intelligence in democracies should only be used to measure level of democracy in the country. In 1960, the Egyptian forces entered in Sinai which was a big surprise to Israel (Augustin, 2009). The IDF couldn’t respond in time and it lead to the result that intelligence was needed for an earlier warning of possible Egyptian attack. The methods or tools for an earlier warning were HUMINT, the SIGINT and the VISINT. The 1960 rotten affair and the 1973 Vom Kippur war failure show failure of the intelligence system and a need for strong intelligence system. References [1] Sankt Augustin (2009), Intelligence and Democracies in Conflict and Peace, retrieved from,  http://www.kas.de/israel/en/publications/18450/ [2] Tom Kim (1999), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964, retrieved from,  http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/usa/GulfTonkin.html [3] Chris Trueman (2000), Gulf of Tonkin 1964, retrieved from  http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gulf_tonkin_1964.htm [4] Scot Shane (2001), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, retrieved from  http://911review.com/precedent/century/tonkin.html [5] Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy (2008), The Truth about Tonkin, retrieved from  http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin [6]  John Parados (2004), The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 40 Years later, retrieved from  http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/ [7] Jeff Cohen and Norman Solomon (1994), 30-Years anniversary, Tonkin Gulf Lie Launched Vietnam War, retrieved from  http://fair.org/media-beat-column/30-year-anniversary-tonkin-gulf-lie-launched-vietnam-war/